Ok, that starts to make a little more sense (I think).
I’m guessing you “sacrificed” the last node in your string as it appears to have Data In but no Data Out (although the pad is there).
Have you mentioned whether these are 5V or 12V strings?
As far as reverse engineering the board circuit, here’s the components were dealing with:

MOSFET to handle the current drive for the White LED’s

3 pieces of “dumb” RGB LED’s, I’m guessing they’re setup in series(?) on the WS2811 driver pins.
2 of these, I’m guessing one drives the RGB LED’s and the other uses one channel of R,G,B(???) to drive the White LED’s through the MOSFET.
So go ahead and see what you can find out!
I would suggest you verify the power lines first, Veeery likely Black is GND and Red is V+, but worthwhile verifying. Check that Black goes to pin 4 on both WS2811’s and Red to pin 8 (maybe through a small resistor 51R0?)
Next the “data path”, check the Data In line (white wire on the back of the board) should go to one or other of the WS2811’s DIN pin 6. It maybe through a small resistor (51R0 ?). The DO pin 5 of that WS2811 should then go to DIN pin 6 of the other WS2811. That 2nd WS chip’s DO pin 5 should go to the unused Data Out pad on the back of the board (to the left of the White wire in your last photo).
Next will be figure out which chip controls which LED’s. We’ll call the first WS2811 in the data chain WS1 and the other WS2. Check the RGB pins individually on WS1 or WS2 for connection to the Gate pin on the MOSFET, Q1. Again it maybe through a resistor or possibly not. Once you’ve found it, this WSx will be the White driver chip and the channel (R,G,or B) will be the one you set for white brightness.
The other WSx chip should connect to the 3 RGB LED’s which should be in series(?) on the output pins.
Give it a try and see what you find (we’d love to know).